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E/1995/51 Report of the Council of the United Nations University for 1994 United Nations E/1995/51 Economic and Social Council  Distr. GENERAL 21 April 1995 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Substantive session of 1995 Geneva, 26 June-28 July 1995 Item 11 of the provisional agenda. UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY Report of the Council of the United Nations University for 1994 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I.

THE FOCAL POINT OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY: GLOBAL CHANGE AND GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITIES - OVERVIEW. THE UNIVERSITY'S WORK: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES. Universal human values and global responsibilities. New directions for the global economy. Sustaining global life-support systems. Advances in science and technology. 84 - 10823 E.

Population dynamics and human welfare. 109 - 12930 III. BUILDING CAPACITIES: POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION. 130 - 14634 IV.

DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. 147 - 15539 V. THE STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY - 1994. 156 - 17841. E/1995/100. 95-11843 (E) 100595 /.9511843.

CONTENTS (continued) Page Annexes I. UNU ACADEMIC PROGRAMME FOR 1994-95.50 II. TITLES PUBLISHED IN 1994.52 III. MEMBERS OF THE UNU COUNCIL IN 1994.55 I. THE FOCAL POINT OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY: GLOBAL CHANGE AND GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITIES - OVERVIEW 1.1994 marks the completion of 19 years of academic work by the United Nations University (UNU).

As the University moves towards its twentieth anniversary in 1995, the Council of the University, at its forty-first session held in Accra, Ghana, during 28 November to 2 December 1994, took stock of the progress made in implementing work under the Medium-Term Perspective II (1990-1995). In its deliberations, the Council reviewed a report prepared by an internal assessment group convened by the Council, together with an institutional strategy paper and mission statement presented by the Rector. These discussions led to specific recommendations by the Council for improving the effectiveness of the UNU, both as an international academic institution and as the academic arm of the United Nations system.

The overall frame for the University's work during the mid-1990s has been its second Medium-Term Perspective (MTP II) (1990-1995) entitled: 'Global Change and Global Responsibilities'. The MTP II document sets out the perspectives and approaches which are to guide the work of the University into the twenty-first century. It aggregates concerns and problems to be addressed by UNU within five programme areas: - Universal human values and global responsibilities; - New directions for the world economy; - Sustaining global life-support systems; - Advances in science and technology; and - Population dynamics and human welfare. 1994 represents the fifth year of UNU activity under MTP II. The annual report of the UNU for 1994 continues an approach and style first used with the 1992 report attempting to focus attention on the University's work at the level of issues in order to allow the reader to discern the overall directions and trends of the University's ongoing work within a one-year period. The 1994 report differs from previous reports in that it reports on active work carried out within each of 19 'programmes' being undertaken during the 1994-1995 biennium. The report continues to highlight perspectives, impacts and results achieved during the year in order to put together a larger, more holistic picture of the knowledge gained or illuminated out of UNU scholarly work.

The report also ascribes to the descriptions of ongoing efforts the specific UNU research and training centre or programme (RTC/P) responsible for carrying out these activities. (See annex I for a summary by programme area and UNU functional unit.) In 1994, the UNU had four research and training centres (RTCs): the World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) in Helsinki, Finland; the Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH) located in Maastricht, the Netherlands; the International Institute for Software Technology (UNU/IIST) in Macau; and the Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU/INRA) located in Accra, Ghana. In addition, the UNU continued with its Programme for Biotechnology in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNU/BIOLAC) in Caracas, Venezuela. The descriptions of UNU academic work in 1994 also contain references to universities, research institutes and NGOs with which the University collaborates in conducting these activities. The report also identifies specific linkages or cooperation with other United Nations organizations or attempts to draw attention to a UNU contribution to the work of another part of the United Nations system. This report is by no means complete or exhaustive in its coverage of academic activities of the UNU during 1994. What is attempted in this report, however, is to provide the reader with an overall view of the varied and far-reaching nature of UNU research, capacity-building and dissemination.

The UNU is one of the smaller United Nations organizations. Its annual budget pales in comparison to those of the specialized agencies or even departments within the United Nations Secretariat. Yet, the University is increasingly being called on to enhance the nature and impact of its contributions both to the United Nations and to the international scholarly community. To bring additional light to UNU capacity-building and dissemination efforts, special sections describing this work in greater detail are included after the main description of the UNU academic programme under each of the five programme areas. A final section of the report, The State of the University - 1994, gives some of the highlights of the University's institutional development during the year and draws out some of the major concerns which faced the overall University system in 1994. THE UNIVERSITY'S WORK: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES A. Universal human values and global responsibilities Background 7.

The overall objective of research in this area has been to come to a better understanding of the social, economic and even technological factors which affect the process of development. In 1994, the UNU continued to focus on issues of peace, security, conflict resolution and governance under the first programme area of MTP II: universal human values and global responsibilities. UNU activities under this theme are grouped within four programmes aimed at addressing the complex issues involved in managing change in an increasingly interdependent world. The first programme: 'The United Nations System, Global Governance and Security' is concerned with the evolving role of the United Nations as seen against the expanding demands for peace and security and social development. These activities are carried out primarily from the University Centre in Tokyo. A second programme: 'Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity' takes up issues of ethnic conflict and conflict resolution.

A joint initiative with the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, the 'International Programme on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity (INCORE)', serves as the institutional framework for activities in this programme. A third programme: 'Governance, State and Society' comprises start-up and exploratory activities for a possible UNU research and training centre (RTC) on the Study of Governance (UNU/CESG) to be located in Barcelona, Spain, and ongoing research coordinated by UNU/WIDER in Helsinki, Finland. A fourth programme: 'Culture and Development' is implemented in cooperation with the Asian-Pacific Center in Fukuoka City, Japan. UNU Agenda for Peace and Global Governance 9.

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During spring, the Rector put together a special advisory team to assist him in rethinking and reframing UNU work within the four programmes under this theme. The work of the advisory team resulted in a 'UNU Agenda for Peace and Global Governance'. The advisory team met in Tokyo in July and in Barcelona in October, and considered background papers on state-of-the-art research and policy thinking specially commissioned for this purpose. The work of the advisory team was meant to assist the University in choosing a specific direction and focus for a five-year programme of research, policy reflection and training in the area of peace and global governance.

A similar approach to programme development was used in 1993 to formulate the UNU's Programme on Environmentally Sustainable Development ('UNU Agenda 21'). The UNU's Agenda for Peace and Global Governance proposes activities to be undertaken by the UNU or to be financed and managed by UNU, but also indicates where the University might instead play a catalytic role, facilitating and supporting the work of others in the context of a consistent overall programme framework. It also aggregates, under a new frame, ongoing UNU academic activities in this area. The United Nations system, global governance and security 11. During the year, research within this programme attempted to draw out lessons from the experience gained from United Nations peace-keeping operations, with specific reference to humanitarian relief efforts and the relationship between the United Nations and regional organizations. One project, for example, looked at the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia and drew on a team of experts from the Thomas J.

Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University, the United States. The study focused on the relationship of the United Nations and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that was deeply involved in the resolution of civil strife in Liberia. Preliminary results from the study identified three key elements essential to the peace process in Liberia: (a) disarmament; (b) demobilization and rehabilitation; and (c) restoration of the economy. The results of the study are being shared with policy makers, United Nations officials, media professionals and scholars at a meeting being organized in New York in early 1995. In a related effort, the UNU organized a regional conference on the issue of peace and security in Latin America and participated in a similar meeting focused on African peace and security issues. 'The UNU Conference on the role of regional organization in peace-keeping: The case of Latin America' was organized in Mexico City in May in cooperation with the Mexican Autonomous Institute of Technology (ITAM) and addressed issues such as the problems encountered in peace-building in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and the legal and political basis for involvement of regional organizations, such as the Organization of America States (OAS), in the maintenance of peace and security in coordination with the United Nations. Security issues, as defined under the new conceptual approaches to security contained in Dr.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali's 'An Agenda for Peace' were also central to the discussion. The University collaborated with the Government of Egypt and the International Peace Academy in organizing a symposium in May on the mechanism of conflict prevention, management and resolution used by the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The symposium, held in Cairo, brought together 130 government officials and international experts to identify the specific mechanisms which would be required for the OAU to play a role in regional peace and security. Given the absence of multilateral regional security institutions and the urgent need to construct some security-related arrangements in North-East Asia, a UNU project on North-East Asian Regional Security and the Role of International Institutions contributes to the University's goal of bringing together persons and countries of different perspectives in an effort to devise proposals aimed at conflict resolution. The project is analysing North-East Asian security and regional organizations and arrangements to encourage collective security and confidence-building measures, with particular emphasis on the current problems of nuclear proliferation on the Korean peninsula and disputed territorial claims in the South China Sea. Results of the research are being summarized in an executive summary targeted for policy makers; journal articles and a book will also serve to disseminate the research findings. As a contribution to the growing involvement of the United Nations in large-scale clearance of landmines as one of the primary activities of post- conflict peace-building, the University undertook a study to examine the nature of modern technologies for mine detection and clearance.

The study's primary objective was to explore ways to increase the speed and accuracy with which landmines, including the non-metallic variety, are located and destroyed. The report emanating from the study analyses current technologies being utilized for mine detection and mine clearance purposes, and assesses those technologies in the developmental stages that are likely to provide major advances for improved mine clearance capabilities. The report has been made available to the General Assembly and directly to concerned Member States also recommends possible strategies to improve the equipment situation for clearing mines within a humanitarian context.

Continuing UNU research on multilateralism and the United Nations system has concentrated on the interaction of two dynamics: (i) the changing structure of world order; and (ii) the process of international organization. An international symposium on sources of innovation in multilateralism was held, in cooperation with the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, in May to re-examine the nature of global changes and the challenges posed to the United Nations, including its reform proposals, as well as emerging new social forces such as women's movements, endogenous peoples, human rights activists and others. The symposium, attended by some 30 participants and involving graduate students of the University of Lausanne, reviewed a set of preliminary research papers which helped to generate specific findings on development strategies, hunger, technology, ecosystems, human rights and security issues related to multilateralism.

Project activities will conclude in 1995 and specific research findings will be reviewed for inclusion in various dissemination vehicles. Two volumes covering UNU work in this area were issued by UNU Press during the year: State, Society, and the United Nations System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism; 2/ and The United Nations System: The Policies of Member States. 3/ These publications provide information and analysis of Member States' perspectives and policies towards the United Nations in the perspective of evolving multilateralism, and are meant to assist both policy makers and scholars.

In October, UNU Press issued a volume entitled: Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System. 4/ This book emanates from the work of a network of scholars which was reviewed at an international symposium held in Yokohama, Japan, in 1992. It examines the questions of internationalization of the State, globalization of the political economy, transnational social movements and finally, change, violence and normative order with special reference to the United Nations.

It is a result of collaborative efforts of 20 scholars from around the world representing a comprehensive critical reflection on contemporary global transformation. In broadening its involvement with a younger generation of students, the UNU organized its tenth Global Seminar involving students and faculty from some eight Japanese universities. This year's seminar addressed the theme 'The United Nations Toward the 21st Century' and was organized jointly with the Kanagawa Foundation for Academic and Cultural Exchange (K-Face) in September. Graduates from UNU Global Seminars now number more than 1,000, some of whom are teaching at universities, working for the United Nations, research institutes, media and corporations. These graduates have formed a student association for the UNU which organizes regular study group meetings on subjects related to the work of the UNU. A continuing activity within this programme in 1994 was the organization of the Japan-ASEAN Forum, first established in 1990. The forum is designed to encourage dialogue between scholars and officials in Japan and the ASEAN countries.

The Forum was held in December in Bangkok, Thailand, in cooperation with the Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, under the theme of regional cooperation and culture. The Forum focused on the interface between culture and development in a cross-national perspective and attempted to identify the steps that should be taken by Governments, other organizations and individuals for cooperation based on deepened cultural understanding between the ASEAN members and Japan. Papers prepared for the Forum are being published in the 'Japan-ASEAN Forum' series.

Conflict resolution and ethnicity 21. Parallel to research described previously on the role of regional organizations in peace-keeping operations is a UNU study of peace-keeping operations from the perspective of individual country experience. This research is being conducted within the International Programme on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity (INCORE), a joint initiative launched in early 1993 by the UNU and the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Activities during 1994 focused on a comparative study of the experience and involvement of India, Ireland and Sweden. These countries were selected for investigation because of their contrasting experiences with regard to training and preparation for such operations. Their selection also allows for a comparison of European and third world perspectives.

Sharelines. Top O' the Hill drew quite the guest list, from John Wayne to Jack Dempsey, Bugsy Siegel, Bonnie and Clyde Midnight in Arlington, Texas, August 1947. It’s hot and humid - even at this late hour. Legendary Texas Ranger M.T. “Lone Wolf” Gonzaullas and three other Rangers quietly slither several hundred yards on their stomachs through woods, grass, weeds, brush, and insects.

Any sound or noticeable movement might give away their position to nearby guards, quickly foiling their chance to raid one of the country’s biggest casinos - the Top O’ the Hill Terrace. The elaborate gambling house wouldn’t be an easy target. Security at the casino, which hosted some of the biggest names in Hollywood, sports, and entertainment, was amazingly tight. Two guards were positioned at the iron gate that guarded a 900-foot drive up to the casino, at the top of a hill overlooking rural Arlington countryside. Lookouts, often armed with rifles, surrounded the house.

A buzzer allowed guards to warn the casino of pesky law enforcement. The house was designed so that casino equipment could be hidden from view via wall panels and hidden in underground tunnels within a few seconds. A hidden tunnel led gamblers 30 yards into nearby woods, where they could easily walk to the nearby tea garden. Half-eaten sandwiches and glasses of wine would be positioned at tables for guests, as if it were all just a gathering for a night under the stars. As Gonzaullas and his men slowly crawled, two men guarded steel doors to the basement. Surely sweat-soaked and tired, the Rangers waited for an opportunity near the rear door. After several attempted raids, all proving fruitless in shutting down the Top O’ the Hill, the Rangers sought to catch the casino in action and close it down for good.

Underground tunnel Soon a guest attempted to enter and the lawmen sprung into action. Three Rangers burst toward the door and entered. They kicked in two more wooden and glass doors before making their way into the casino - the action running in full view with 50 players and eight dealers. A Ranger in the underground tunnel caught several gamblers attempting to flee. Lone Wolf and his men destroyed craps and blackjack tables, slot machines and roulette wheels, an estimated $25,000 worth of equipment. While the casino stayed open a few years even after the raid, its best days were behind it and the raid signaled the Metroplex’s new stance on “wide-open” gambling of the ‘30s and ‘40s. Gonzaullas told the Dallas Morning News: “This raid is to serve notice on this place and any other in this area that they are going to be stopped if we have to call on them every night.

This is not part of a campaign to make a few raids and then let the heat off. From now on we raid for keeps. This place and all the others are going to stay closed.” Tea room to backroom Opened in the 1920s, the Top O’ the Hill Terrace had quaint beginnings. Beulah Marshall bought land and built a tearoom along the Bankhead Highway in the early 1920s. Dinners featured fried chicken cooked over a wood-burning stove, and bridge was played after afternoon luncheons. From the tea garden, with thick sandstone walls, fish pond, and fountain, customers sat and enjoyed the picturesque view of the Tarrant County countryside.

When the 46-acre property went up for sale, Fred Browning and his wife purchased it in 1926. After running a plumbing business, Browning had a different career in mind — casino boss. “When he moved in, he had gambling in mind,” says Vickie Bryant, head of Arlington Baptist College’s Heritage Collection and historical tour guide at the college. The college is located on the former grounds of the casino, not too far from AT&T Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys. Browning began hosting casino games at his home at the top of the 1,000-foot Arlington hill.

He had bigger plans for the estate, however, and construction began soon after he purchased the property. The tearoom itself was moved from its foundation, and construction began on the real heart of his venture - a basement twice the size of the house itself.

Tunnels were built, along with secret passageways and panels for storing casino equipment during a raid. After construction, the tearoom was moved back to its original location, and the Top O’ the Hill casino was soon open for business. Fred Browning The casino boss spared no expense in making his casino, restaurant, and brothel top of the line.

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Gamblers enjoyed exquisite meals on fine china and high-end liquor from the elegant bar. All meals and drinks were free - a forerunner to Las Vegas freebies. The effort paid off, attracting celebrities and high-rollers from across the country.

After dinner, the night’s guests were escorted to the basement, where a full-scale casino awaited their action. On weekends, the gambling continued until daybreak.

Browning’s security measures assured patrons of privacy and kept out prying eyes of the law. Another security measure was a floor above the casino, unknown to gamblers. Here the casino’s security staff could monitor the action on the casino floor and possible cheating by gamblers and dealers alike - a precursor to the modern casino’s “eye in the sky” system of cameras.

“It was very high-tech for back then,” Bryant says of the casino. “By the time the police and Texas Rangers got in, it would be converted into a dining hall. And all that would be left were employees and they’d be sitting around singing hymns.” Business booms, raids follow Business boomed in the ‘30s and ‘40s at the Top O’ the Hill. An average night saw 50-100 finely dressed guests at the blackjack, craps, roulette, poker, and slot games, with action in high gear. A quarter-million dollars could change hands in a night.

Tuxedo-clad dealers were known to keep their nails polished for a more refined presentation. Area bootleggers kept the place supplied with booze before Prohibition’s repeal in 1933. Celebrities flocked to the nightly action. “You didn’t get through the front gates unless you were famous, infamous, had a lot of money, or were an invited guest,” Bryant says. Hollywood gamblers at the place were numerous and included Clark Gable, John Wayne, Lana Turner, Gene Autry, Will Rogers, Frank Sinatra, and many more. Wealthy men like H.L. Hunt dined and gambled at the casino.

Infamous guests included Jack Ruby and Bonnie and Clyde Barrow. Browning, who also managed boxers, had so many boxers gambling and staying on the property that an Olympic-size swimming pool and sparring ring were installed onsite. Jack Dempsey, Max Baer, Joe Louis, Lou Brouillard, and Lew Jenkins trained and gambled at the Top O’ the Hill.

The casino may have left an even larger impression on the gambling world. Gangster Bugsy Siegel gambled there and is believed to have modeled his Flamingo Hotel and Casino after the amenities at the Top O’ the Hill.

While Siegel was gunned down in 1947, the Flamingo set the stage for the modern Las Vegas. Rolling craps Raids at the casino throughout the ‘30s mostly proved useless. Officers would find no gambling equipment or if they did, it would be sitting unused thanks to Browning’s security. Equipment might be occasionally confiscated or destroyed, but the gambling would eventually go on. Other times, witnesses wouldn’t testify, or charges would be dropped or reduced to a fine.

But gambling in Tarrant County had an unrelenting enemy in J. Frank Norris, a fiery Baptist preacher who founded Fundamental Baptist Bible Institute in 1939 in Fort Worth, which became Bible Baptist Seminary in 1945. Norris opposed “wide open” gambling and supported Prohibition. He spearheaded efforts to close Top O’ the Hill, even testifying before a grand jury and helping with a raid in the 1930s. 'By 1946 Benny Binion had become the power behind the Top O’ the Hill.' “It is a high society gambling place – that’s the place you need to raid,” he told a grand jury.

For his efforts, Norris’s home and church were burned down twice. Undeterred, he vowed that he would purchase the property when the Top O’ the Hill was shut down. After World War II, Browning experienced financial trouble. A horse racing enthusiast, he owned horses that raced at Arlington Downs with Red Pollard, the famed rider of Seabiscuit, even occasionally serving as his jockey. But his horse racing ventures proved unsuccessful. As his debts mounted, a well-known Dallas gambler, gangster, and casino legend began bailing him out.

“Whether this was a favor to Browning, a business arrangement, or a hostile takeover is unknown, but by 1946 Benny Binion had become the power behind the Top O’ the Hill,” writes Gary Sleeper in I’ll Do My Own Damn Killin’, his definitive book on the Dallas gambling wars and Benny Binion. While living in Las Vegas, much of the casino’s profits went to Binion’s empire. The cowboy ran Dallas casinos and numbers rackets throughout the ‘30s and ‘40s.

After Gonzaullas’s raid in 1947, the tide had turned against the Top O’ the Hill — and Metroplex gambling joints. Law enforcement continued to crackdown. Stars stopped showing up at the Top O’ the Hill and Vegas offered legalized casinos, making a night of gambling an easier affair. The casino remained open a few more years before becoming the Arlington Club. Browning got the property back in 1953, but died the same year. Poker to preachers Norris’s prediction came true in 1956 when his Bible Baptist Seminary bought the property for $150,000. The former casino now housed seminary students - certainly a reversal of fortune.

Under the direction of seminary leader, Earl Oldham, any remaining gambling equipment was destroyed. Renamed Arlington Baptist College in 1972, just a few relics of the seminary’s “seedier” past remain. Some poker chips are kept in the college’s museum as well as a prostitute’s cape once worn by Oldham's wife in church. Pictures of Browning and his racehorses and tack equipment from his stables are also on display.

After years of concealing its casino past, the college on West Division has embraced it, offering tours of what remains of the Top O’ the Hill. The tearoom house is now the college’s administration building and the casino is the church’s kitchen. At the back of the kitchen lies the three-foot wide escape tunnel, lit by a single bulb.

Outside, the tunnel’s exit peaks out the hillside, homes now covering the countryside below. Escaping gamblers would quickly scamper up a retaining wall and a series of steps to the awaiting tea garden. The swimming pool and tea garden also remain, and much of the college remains the same including the sandstone wall, wrought-iron fence, and guard towers. The college believes showing its past helps spotlight its true mission, training tomorrow’s Christian leaders, pastors, and missionaries.

“We’ve been tight-lipped (in the past),” Bryant says. “We feel like we can tell the story now. We’ve gotten millions of dollars of free media coverage. I always like to tell how a Bible college can tell the story of a casino.

Our story is how we’ve taken the place from poker to preachers. “Only God could use a casino to put a Bible college on the map.” Finding a trustworthy room to play online poker can be a monumental burden. That's all the more true if you're just looking for a place to play poker for free.

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